l.georges online

Here is today’s model : TD9 Screens

And today’s Powerpoint information : L2 SPS powerpoint TD9

I’m on Teams to answer your queries

Here is today’s model and task of the day : Letter Layout

And the accompanying PowerPoint : Powerpoint TD8

See you over on Teams to answer any of your questions!

Les erreurs les plus fréquemment commises : GrammarGremlins

Le document du jour : L2 SPS 2020 TD6

Aujourd’hui c’est la dernière séance avant le passage blanc du 6 mai (ou lorsqu’on aura repris les cours à la faculté)

Votre objectif est donc double :

1. Terminer le texte de votre poster, et m’envoyer l’ensemble pour fin mars.
2. Terminer la mise en page en y intégrant le texte définitif et les illustrations avant le 27 avril.  Si vous me l’envoyez en pdf, je vous renverrai une version annotée avant que vous ne le soumettiez à l’impression définitive.

Comme d’habitude n’hésitez pas à me contacter par messagerie si vous avez la moindre question

Ci-dessous le document à télécharger pour la séance d’aujourd’hui.

Celui-ci porte sur la partie résultats, et donc les illustrations. Après un rappel de la logique de la structure du poster, vous y trouverez une suite de 4 questions à vous poser qui vous permettront de choisir des données pertinentes, de sélectionner le type d’illustration le plus approprié, de le rendre le plus compréhensible possible, et de s’assurer de son articulation au sein de la logique du poster.

Results : Illustrations

Les deux tâches à accomplir cette semaine sont :

1. Chaque groupe devra se consulter pour bâtir cette section ensemble.  Une personne du groupe m’enverra un pdf où figure au moins une des illustrations que vous prévoyez d’intégrer au poster, avec les légendes et explications concises permettant au lecteur de comprendre.
2. Par ailleurs vous devrez avoir fini ou être sur le point de finir vos lectures, suite à laquelle vous ferez la synthèse en groupe, et vous rédigerez une conclusion principale sous forme d’une phrase clair et concise.  A la lumière de cette conclusion, vous rédigerez votre question de recherche définitive.  Une personne du groupe m’enverra un message où figurera (en anglais bien entendu)
   1. la question de recherche
   2. la conclusion principale
   3. une proposition de titre

Merci de bien vouloir me faire parvenir vos travaux avant la prochaine séance (le 25 mars)

Pour l’évaluation du 8 janvier on va vous demander une critique d’un épisode pilote.

Pour vous faire une idée du style, et des éléments qui peuvent y figurer, voici quelques liens utiles:

Carnival Row (The Independent)

The Good Karma Hospital (The New York Times)

Derry Girls (The Guardian)

The Handmaid’s Tale (Time magazine)

AIDS – Researchers from the Pasteur Institute destroy HIV reservoirs

A team from the Pasteur Institute in Paris has found a way to eliminate HIV reservoirs, paving the way for potential new treatments, but there is still a long way to go before the results, which were obtained using cell cultures, are used in humans.

Current HIV treatments need to be taken for life because antiretroviral drugs are not able to eliminate the viral reservoirs inside immune cells.   “Antiretroviral treatment will block the virus and act to prevent it from multiplying, but it cannot eliminate infected cells.  Here, our job involved characterizing infected cells and then eliminating them from an organism infected by HIV” explained leading researcher, Asier Saez-Cirion.

The Pasteur Institute team succeeded in identifying the characteristics of CD4 T lymphocytes, the immune cells targeted by HIV.  Their study shows that the virus will first infect cells with a high rate of metabolic activity.  This activity, and in particular a cell’s glucose consumption, plays a key role in infection: the virus diverts the energy and substances produced by the cell in order to replicate.  This requirement could be harnessed to attack reservoir cells.  The results are published in Cell Metabolism.

HIV infection blocked in cell cultures

The Pasteur researchers managed to block infection ex vivo (in cell cultures) thanks to metabolic inhibitors already used in oncology/cancerology.  “In our study we observed that those cells infected by HIV had (bio-)energetic characteristics similar to tumor cells, and we could therefore use the same tools” explained Dr Saez-Cirion.  The next step for the team at the Pasteur Institute will consist in “identifying the molecules which provide an optimal effect, after which pre-clinical trials on models will be undertaken, based on experience from current clinical trials on the treatment of certain types of cancer, in order to select molecules that are efficacious and well-tolerated by patients,” the researcher added.

This work is a step towards patient remission (no further detectable infected cells) thanks to the elimination of HIV reservoirs.  However, “it will be a few years until this approach can be properly tested in a phase 3 clinical trial which would give us an evaluation of its efficacy” Dr Saez-Cirion specified.

1. Voici le document autour du glossaire.
2. Traduction de l’article sur le vaccin :

HIV: Is an AIDS vaccine possible?

Everybody dreams/is dreaming about a vaccine for AIDS.  And now trials published by researchers from Harvard bring new hope. Their experimental vaccine was able to protect monkeys and cause an immune reaction in humans.

According to the World Health Organization about 37 million people worldwide are currently living with HIV or AIDS.  No less than 1.8 million new cases are reported each year.  Since the early eighties the disease is thought to have (/has reportedly) killed almost 35 million people.  And despite increasingly effective treatments a vaccine still doesn’t exist for this scourge.

Worse still, in 35 years of this epidemic only one experimental vaccine has shown any efficacy.   During the RV144 trial carried out in Thailand from 2003 on(wards) the immune response was prepared by the administration of a recombinant vector CanaryPox then boosted by (the) injection of the envelope protein gp120.  As a result, infection rate was seen to decline by 31%, which was interesting, but judged to be insufficient.

But today, researchers from Harvard have reported encouraging new developments.  The experimental vaccine they developed triggered an immune reaction in humans and protected monkeys from the infection.  “These results are crucial.  They must however be considered with the utmost prudence.  An immune response doesn’t necessarily mean that this vaccine is able to protect us from HIV (infection)” warned Professor Dan Barouch.

Large-scale trials already underway

What has caused great enthusiasm is the fact that the vaccine is a mosaic vaccine, which combines different HIV subtypes and is therefore likely to trigger responses against a large number of strains.  Indeed, the results show it is 67% effective in monkeys.  Here again, the reaction was primed by (an) intramuscular injection of Ad26.Mos.HIV.  The response was then stimulated later on by the administration of two additional vaccines including a combination of Ad26.Mos.HIV and gp140.

In humans: The study reports on the results of a test carried out on 393 healthy adults who were all seronegative, aged 18 to 50, and from East Africa, South Africa, Thailand and The United States.  Between February and October 2015, they received four injections of one of the combined vaccines or a placebo.  According to Professor Barouch, the immune response was “robust’.  Another good sign was that the vaccine was shown to be harmless.

A large-scale test still needs to be carried out to gauge the true efficacy of the vaccine.  The test is already in the starting blocks and will involve 2600 women judged to be at risk in Southern Africa.  The results are not expected before 2021 or 2022.